Hobby or Business

Many people are engaged in hobby activities that are also a source of income. For example, selling handmade items during the pandemic. These income must be reported on tax return.

A hobby is any activity that a person pursues because they enjoy it and with no intention of making a profit. This differs from those that operate a business with the intention of making a profit.

In determining whether their activity is a business or hobby, taxpayers must consider nine factors.

These factors are:

Whether the activity is carried out in a businesslike manner and the taxpayer maintains complete and accurate books and records.
Whether the time and effort the taxpayer puts into the activity show they intend to make it profitable.
Whether they depend on income from the activity for their livelihood.
Whether any losses are due to circumstances beyond the taxpayer's control or are normal for the startup phase of their type of business.
Whether they change methods of operation to improve profitability.
Whether the taxpayer and their advisors have the knowledge needed to carry out the activity as a successful business.
Whether the taxpayer was successful in making a profit in similar activities in the past.
Whether the activity makes a profit in some years and how much profit it makes.
Whether the taxpayers can expect to make a future profit from the appreciation of the assets used in the activity.

All factors, facts and circumstances with respect to the activity must be considered. And, no one factor is more important than another.

If a taxpayer receives income from an activity that is carried on with no intention of making a profit, they must report the income they receive on Schedule 1, Form 1040.

Earning side income: Is it a hobby or a business?

Whether it's something they've been doing for years or something they just started to make extra money, taxpayers must report income earned from hobbies in 2020 on next year's tax return.

What the difference between a hobby and a business? A business operates to make a profit. People engage in a hobby for sport or recreation, not to make a profit.

Here are nine things taxpayer must consider when determining if an activity is a hobby or a business:

Whether the activity is carried out in a business like manner and the taxpayer maintains complete and accurate books and records.
Whether the time and effort the taxpayer puts into the activity show they intend to make it profitable.
Whether they depend on income from the activity for their livelihood.
Whether any losses are due to circumstances beyond the taxpayer's control or are normal for the startup phase of their type of business.
Whether they change methods of operation to improve profitability.
Whether the taxpayer and their advisors have the knowledge needed to carry out the activity as a successful business.
Whether the taxpayer was successful in making a profit in similar activities in the past.
Whether the activity makes a profit in some years and how much profit it makes.
Whether the taxpayers can expect to make a future profit from the appreciation of the assets used in the activity.

The IRS has many resources to help taxpayers report their income correctly. See the more information section below for additional guidance.

Tips for taxpayers who make money from a hobby

Many people enjoy hobbies that are also a source of income. From painting and pottery to scrapbooking and soap making, these activities can be sources of both fun and finances. Taxpayers who make money from a hobby must report that income on their tax return.

If someone has a business, they operate the business to make a profit. In contrast, people engage in a hobby for sport or recreation, not to make a profit. Taxpayers should consider nine factors when determining whether their activity is a business or a hobby. They should base their determination on all the facts and circumstances of their activity.

If a taxpayer receives income for an activity that they don’t carry out to make a profit, the expenses they pay for the activity are miscellaneous itemized deductions and can no longer be deducted. The taxpayer must still report the income they receive on Schedule 1, Form 1040, line 21.

The Nine Factors in determine whether an activity is a business engaged in making a profit.

Whether you carry on the activity in a businesslike manner and maintain complete and accurate books and records.
Whether you have personal motives in carrying on the activity.
Whether the time and effort you put into the activity indicate you intend to make it profitable.
Whether you depend on income from the activity for your livelihood.
Whether your losses are due to circumstances beyond your control (or are normal in the startup phase of your type of business).
Whether you or your advisors have the knowledge needed to carry on the activity as a successful business.
Whether you were successful in making a profit in similar activities in the past.
Whether the activity makes a profit in some years and how much profit it makes.
Whether you can expect to make a future profit from the appreciation of the assets used in the activity.

Hobby or Business?

Millions of people enjoy hobbies that are also a source of income. From catering to cupcake baking, crafting homemade jewelry to glass blowing -- no matter what a person’s passion, the Internal Revenue Service offers some tips on hobbies.

Taxpayers must report on their tax return the income earned from hobbies. The rules for how to report the income and expenses depend on whether the activity is a hobby or a business. There are special rules and limits for deductions taxpayers can claim for hobbies. Here are five tax tips to consider:

Is it a Business or a Hobby? A key feature of a business is that people do it to make a profit. People engage in a hobby for sport or recreation, not to make a profit. Consider the nine tips that mentioned above when determining whether an activity is a hobby. Make sure to base the determination on all the facts and circumstances. For more about ‘not-for-profit’ rules.
Allowable Hobby Deductions. Within certain limits, taxpayers can usually deduct ordinary and necessary hobby expenses. An ordinary expense is one that is common and accepted for the activity. A necessary expense is one that is appropriate for the activity.
Limits on Hobby Expenses. Generally, taxpayers can only deduct hobby expenses up to the amount of hobby income. If hobby expenses are more than its income, taxpayers have a loss from the activity. However, a hobby loss can’t be deducted from other income.
How to Deduct Hobby Expenses. Taxpayers must itemize deductions on their tax return to deduct hobby expenses. Expenses may fall into three types of deductions, and special rules apply to each type.
Use IRS Free File. Hobby rules can be complex and IRS Free File can make filing a tax return easier. IRS Free File is available until Oct. 16. Taxpayers earning $64,000 or less can use brand-name tax software. Those earning more can use Free File Fillable Forms, an electronic version of IRS paper forms. Free File is available only through the IRS.gov website.

- Source irs.gov